Better Businesses Together

Español | Translation Provided by the CFA

Jason Ells
Custom Concrete Company Inc.
jasone@customconcrete.com

We just wrapped up our annual summer convention, and it was a blast! Great speakers, fantastic food, a wonderful venue, and all in the beautiful city of Boston. I always walk away from these events enthused and rejuvenated, having spent time with my peers and other professionals who are looking to improve their businesses. If you were there, you know what I’m talking about. Be on the lookout for information on the 2023 convention in San Antonio, you won’t want to miss it!

During this year’s meeting, I was elected as the new association president. I’m humbled, honored, and excited to step into this new role. I want to thank Doug Herbert for his incredible leadership over the last two years. Doug not only had a great vision for the association, but he also had the energy and work ethic to see it through. I can assure you that Jim Baty, the CFA staff, the Executive Board, and the Board of Directors are all committed to improving our industry.

It’s no secret that running a business is difficult, especially now. The perpetual white waters of change and the constant whirlwinds of the day-to-day can distract us from what we love to do. If you are a poured-wall contractor, you are not alone! If this is you, I would encourage you to join our CFA Best Practice groups every month. These virtual meetings are designed to give us a platform to target and discuss these issues. Also, you may want to check out our Expert Connect. This is a tool on our website that can get you in contact with someone in our industry who can either help or point you in the right direction. These are just two ways we are trying to help our industry. We build better businesses together. 

I’d welcome your feedback. If you see areas we need to improve, or if you would like to get more involved, please send me an email. I’m excited to serve the CFA these next two years.

Best Regards

Thank you…we had a blast!

Mejores negocios juntos

English | Translation Provided by the CFA

Jason Ells
Custom Concrete Company Inc.
jasone@customconcrete.com

¡Acabamos de concluir nuestra convención anual del verano y fue genial! Excelentes oradores, comida increíble, un recinto maravilloso y todo en la hermosa ciudad de Boston. Siempre salgo de estos eventos entusiasmado y rejuvenecido, después de haber pasado tiempo con mis compañeros y otros profesionales que buscan mejorar sus negocios. Si estuvo allí, sabe a qué me refiero. Esté atento a la información sobre la convención de 2023 en San Antonio, ¡no querrá perdérsela!

Durante la reunión de este año, fui elegido como el nuevo presidente de la asociación. Me siento conmovido, honrado y emocionado de asumir este nuevo rol. Quiero agradecer a Doug Herbert por su increíble liderazgo durante los últimos dos años. Doug no solo tenía una gran visión para la asociación, sino que también tenía la energía y la ética de trabajo para hacerla realidad. Puedo asegurarles que Jim Baty, el personal de la CFA, la Junta Ejecutiva y la Junta Directiva están todos comprometidos a mejorar nuestra industria.

No es ningún secreto que administrar un negocio es difícil, especialmente ahora. Las perpetuas aguas turbulentas del cambio y los constantes remolinos del día a día pueden distraernos de lo que amamos hacer. Si usted es un contratista de muros vertidos, ¡no está solo! Si este es usted, lo animo a que visite nuestros grupos de Mejores Prácticas de la CFA todos los meses. Estas reuniones virtuales están diseñadas para ofrecernos una plataforma donde podemos abordar y hablar de estos temas. Además, es posible que desee consultar Expert Connect. Esta es una herramienta en nuestro sitio web que puede ponerlo en contacto con alguien de nuestra industria que puede ayudarlo u orientarlo hacia la dirección correcta. Estas son solo dos formas en las que estamos tratando de ayudar a nuestra industria. Construimos mejores negocios juntos. 

Agradecería mucho sus comentarios. Si ve áreas en las que debamos mejorar, o si desea involucrarse, envíeme un mensaje de correo electrónico. Estoy emocionado de poder servir a la CFA estos próximos dos años.

Saludos

Do You Want to Qualify Your WALL FOREMAN

New IRC Equivalency Evaluation Report Program Streamlines Building Permit Process by Offering Prescriptive Design

Español | Translation Provided by the CFA

Brea, CA – An innovative new offering from ICC Evaluation Service (ICC-ES), an IRC Equivalency Evaluation Report (EER), indicates the findings of a particular end use application or design of a building product, evaluated by ICC-ES, for compliance with the prescriptive requirements of the International Residential Code® (IRC). An ICC-ES EER aids building officials in the approval of products evaluated by ICC-ES for single-family houses, two-family houses (duplexes) and buildings consisting of three or more townhouse units. It also helps the general public (such as contractors, homeowners and architects) by providing prescriptive design evaluated by ICC-ES that can be used for building permit applications, streamlining the permit process.

The first EER has been issued to Helix Steel for Helix® Micro Rebar®. The report highlights the residential application of this concrete building product, focusing on the end use application and compliance with the IRC. EER-3949 is available for public viewing on the directory.The IRC Equivalency Evaluation program benefits building product manufacturers as well as homeowners who wish to make common residential improvements such as adding a deck, patio cover or retaining wall,” says Vincent Chui, P.E., Regional Vice President of Engineering for ICC-ES. “Because the report contains all the relevant technical drawings for end-use application, and is backed up by a trusted ICC-ES evaluation report, the approval process is streamlined significantly. We are happy to offer the EER to our clients as well as the general public and will continue to provide innovative solutions for the building industry.”

Helix Micro Rebar is used in more than 20,000 structures and is compatible with both stamped concrete and decorative finishes, helping protect the concrete from cracks.

“We are really excited to have worked with ICC-ES to pioneer this new report and to make Helix Micro Rebar reinforcement more accessible to residential builders, building officials and homeowners,” says Luke Pinkerton, President & CTO of Helix Steel. “This user-friendly report will provide ease, efficiency and a sustainable option to the residential construction community.”

The IRC Equivalency Evaluation Report is available to manufacturers as a value-added service in addition to a traditional ICC-ES evaluation report. Applications may be submitted through the ICC-ES website. Interested parties may also contact ICC-ES directly at 1-800-423-6587, or email Manuel Chan P.E., S.E., Principal Structural Engineer at mchan@icc-es.org.

About ICC-ES

ICC-ES is the leading evaluation service for innovative building materials, components and systems. ICC-ES Evaluation Reports (ESRs), Building Product Listings and PMG Listings provide evidence that products and systems meet requirements of codes and technical standards worldwide, including the US, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and the MENA region. ICC-ES is a member of the ICC family of solutions.

Compromiso con la excelencia

English | Translation Provided by the CFA

Como lector de esta revista, usted es uno de dos conjuntos de personas. Usted es un empleado o propietario de una empresa que figura en nuestro directorio de miembros en línea, o la Concrete Foundations Association lo identifica como un “cliente potencial”. No importa en qué grupo se encuentre, y tal vez no esté seguro de a cuál pertenezca, los dos son activos valiosos para una organización como la CFA. Las organizaciones miembro son el alma de esta Asociación, porque contribuyen a los ingresos y al liderazgo intelectual. Es su inspiración y transpiración lo que establece nuestra visión y estrategias. Ustedes, los clientes potenciales, representan en gran medida el tema de esta visión y el objetivo de estas estrategias. Es su futuro para el que nos estamos preparando diligentemente y para el cual nos estamos refinando constantemente.

Puede preguntarse: ¿Cuál es la diferencia real entre estos dos conjuntos de personas? La respuesta quizás esté más claramente representada en la convención del mes pasado en Boston. Ahí se reunieron algunas de las personas más enérgicas y generosas que se encuentran entre los miembros. La asistencia de este año tuvo una gran cantidad de asistentes por primera vez y muchos asistentes que no habían ido durante varios años. Sin embargo, por primera vez en varios años, ni un solo miembro potencial asistió al evento.

Como lo confirmó el tiempo que pasamos con cada uno de ustedes y en las siguientes semanas de aportaciones por parte de nuestras encuestas de asistentes, una vez más ustedes recibieron mucho más valor de lo que esperaban. Este fue un gran evento. Aquí recibió uno de los pronósticos económicos más objetivos y sensatos. Se inspiró para considerar la cultura de su empresa actual e identificar los pasos principales para evolucionarla y convertirse en un “empleador meta”. Absorbió la gran concentración de tecnología y productos producidos y comercializados específicamente con sus necesidades en mente. Muchos de ustedes salieron de sus áreas de comodidad y se alejaron de las presiones de sus horarios apretados para comprender el alto valor de las redes de contactos y la interdependencia. El tiempo de todos fue completamente recompensado por uno de los momentos culminantes más inspiradores y motivadores al aprender de Rocky Bleier (uno de los héroes de mi infancia) qué tan influyente puede ser una sola persona en el momento más importante de la vida de otra.

La diferencia entre los dos grupos que leen esta carta (y esta revista) no es que uno esté más comprometido con la excelencia que el otro, o incluso que uno esté logrando una mayor excelencia. No, la verdadera diferencia es que un grupo de ustedes ha identificado que el camino más fácil hacia la excelencia proviene de la verdadera interdependencia con los demás: los compañeros, los colegas y los amigos. Usted permite y confía en el marco de trabajo de esta Asociación para ofrecer el recurso exacto, la idea, la solución y la relación que necesita en el momento exacto cuando más lo necesita. Thomas Edison dijo la famosa frase: “El éxito es un diez por ciento de inspiración y un noventa por ciento de transpiración”. Al considerar cómo se traduce esto en la búsqueda de la excelencia, la CFA permanece aquí para que los clientes potenciales reduzcan el estrés de ese noventa por ciento. ¿Qué espera?

Commitment to Excellence

Español | Translation Provided by the CFA

As a regular reader of Concrete Facts, I hope you recall the article announcing the retirement of our long-time staff member, Janette Barr (Concrete Facts 29-2, winter 2022, p. 23). As we published that article, I was considering the impact of employment transitions I have been experiencing through the witness of so many of our members over the past decade. When you have worked in an industry for 30 years, as I have, you are most certainly going to recognize the voids left by leaders retiring, some untimely passing from this earth, and many more casualties of first a recession and then a pandemic. I have seen the change in most of these cases from afar and can now recognize more fully the measure of stress this change induces.

Welcoming the new challenge-seekers, the ready-leaders, the inspired-doers has also been a tradition I have witnessed among our member contractors. Many of these I have been privileged to engage with professionally, as these leaders have risen to the Association’s board or committee level. At present, there are only five members of the board who were elected prior to 2018. This means that 75 percent of the board are leaders whose vision must come more from their organizational needs than building on tradition or legacy. This summer we will see another significant step as Phil Marone, president of Marone Contractors and a CFA member since 2000, steps aside following an astounding six terms (he joined the board in 2005).

These transitions have been building blocks for success in the Association, and we are excited to welcome change into our staff that serves you with fervor. Abbie Stolte has accepted the role of office administrator, which includes A/R, A/P, fulfillment, circulation, and registration management. You will begin the enjoyable experience of recognizing her voice, witnessing her efficiency, and relying on her effectiveness.

Filling the void left by a thirty-year personality is never an easy task. Still, we know having Stolte join our team will be helpful for each of you, and that this change will continue to be great for us. Just like the board of directors, which now sits at 75 percent new experience and energy, our association staff is being invigorated, with 40% having less than a year of experience and 70 percent having less than 10 years of experience. What we can do for the members of this Association today, as your professional staff and board of directors, is 150 percent due to the balance we have arrived at between fresh energy and trusted legacy. I hope your business can claim the same and lean into what the CFA now offers. If you are struggling to do so, reach out to us and let membership open the door through staff and Expert Connect.

Professional Liability: Are Contractors Adequately Protected?

Español | Translation Provided by the CFA

As the lines of responsibility between design firms and contractors merge, contractors are assuming nontraditional risk that their core insurance coverages may not address. Professional liability coverage has become just as essential to a contractor as it is to an architect or engineer. Learn about the contractor’s professional exposure, potential damages, and alternative solutions and insurance options in this insightful article.

 Fred Muse

 Design and Professional Liability

In traditional project delivery (design-bid-build), an architect or engineer provides design services while actual construction or implementation of the design is carried out by the contractor. Under this scenario, you may expect that the potential liabilities facing the design professional and contractor would be fairly well defined. However, as the complexity of projects increases and new construction contracts are introduced, design responsibilities are becoming more fragmented. In addition, project owners are requiring their contractors to take on additional construction management activities and, with greater frequency, are looking for the contractor to provide a single point of responsibility for design and construction.

As the lines of responsibility between design firms and contractors merge, contractors are assuming nontraditional risk that their core coverages may not address. In this article, we are going to review activities that increase a contractor’s professional risk and then discuss how well the liability insurance is responding. You may discover that professional liability coverage will become just as essential to a contractor as it is to an architect or engineer.

Understanding Contractor’s Professional Risk Exposure

New methods of project delivery have created challenges and exposures that need to be understood, assessed, and adequately insured by the parties accepting the risk. One of the most significant challenges faced by the project participants and their risk managers is identifying and managing the risks when the design and engineering responsibilities are shared and fragmented among many project participants.

Contractors Professional Liability Chart

Today, when a primary architect is hired to design the entire project, other parties outside the architect’s control will be involved with the design. Contractor responsibilities are often expanded beyond construction to include professional risk associated with construction management, design delegation, hiring design firms, and actually self-performing design. These are discussed in more detail below.

Construction Management Responsibilities: A contractor may perform construction management services as the owner’s agent (agency construction management) or they may also hold separate contracts with the trade subcontractors (at-risk construction management). In both situations, the contractor takes on responsibility for supervision of the subcontractors, scheduling, and cost estimating. All these activities create a recognized standard of care by the construction manager and a corresponding professional liability risk.

Design Delegation: Based on “performance” specifications, specialty subcontractors have effectively designed curtain wall and sprinkler systems for years. In addition, the contractor’s mechanical and electrical subcontractors are often engineering the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) and other systems. Currently, the 1997 version of the AIA A-201 General Conditions Document specifically outlines when design may be delegated to the contractor with a corresponding waiver of liability by the architectural team.

Hiring Design Firms as Subcontractors or A/E Joint Venture: A growing number of projects are utilizing design-build project delivery where the contractor is acting as the lead design-builder or enters into a joint venture with a design firm. When a contractor assumes a single point of responsibility role for an owner by use of the design-build project delivery, they are now responsible for project design in addition to their construction obligations. In addition to design-build project delivery, the project owner may hire separate design consultants to provide the interior design, landscape architectural, or other services and then assign these contracts to the contractor.

Self-Performed Design: Some contractors have an in-house design staff consisting of legally qualified architects, engineers, land surveyors, and landscape architects who have the responsibility for reviewing and stamping drawings.

Potential Contractor Damages Resulting from Professional Liability Risk

Errors and omissions associated with performing professional services can result in costly time delays, budget overruns, rework, and third-party bodily injury and/or property damage. Knowing and anticipating this financial risk can make the difference between a profitable project and one that ends up in costly litigation for years.

Economic Loss: There are significant financial risks that contractors assume by promising to deliver a project complete, on time, and within budget. Claim examples include the following.

  • Design Delegation — The contractor subcontracts the design of a ventilation system to a mechanical engineer. The engineer, who did not carry errors and omissions (E&O) insurance, miscalculated the cooling needs of the building and specified an inadequate ventilation system. The building owner demanded $180,000 to replace the poorly performing system.
  • Design Error — The contractor made a cost estimate of $2 million for a warehouse project. A loading platform was later found to be inadequate to meet the stated needs of the warehouse. With the revisions, the project cost $2.5 million. The contractor was held liable for the $500,000 difference.

Third-Party Bodily Injury or Property Damage: Design errors have contributed to some of the most catastrophic losses resulting in direct damage to the project and fatalities to both construction workers and members of the public. These types of claims have occurred both during construction and after the project has been turned over to the owner. Claim examples include the following.

  • Design Delegation — In a “sick building syndrome” claim, a subcontractor improperly designed and installed an HVAC system. Mold formed in the chillers, and the air in the building made people ill. Multiple claimants filed suit against the contractor in addition to the owner who suffered business interruption losses.
  • Construction Management — A contractor failed to detect the faulty workmanship of a masonry contractor who placed hollow concrete block without proper re-bar reinforcement as specified in the plans. Once discovered, the structure had to be torn down and rebuilt at a cost of approximately $1 million plus resulting delays in project completion.

Before we examine the availability of traditional coverages for professional risk, it is critical to first understand the fundamental differences between a general liability and professional liability policy. Basically, general liability policies will cover losses caused by “ordinary construction means and methods” as long as it results in bodily injury and/or property damage arising from an occurrence. Professional liability policies cover any damages that arise from the rendering or failure to render professional services.

For example, under the general liability policy, project delays and cost of reinforcing a faulty structure would not be covered unless there was a corresponding occurrence that resulted in bodily injury or property damage. However, this type of claim would be covered under a professional liability policy as long as it was caused by professional negligence. It is important to note that negligence occurs when services are not performed with the standard of care exercised by any other design professional facing the same or similar facts and circumstances.

Contractor’s General Liability Policy: A general liability policy without a professional exclusion amendment can provide limited protection for design errors as long as the loss results in bodily injury or property damage. However, many insurers will attach an endorsement to their contractor’s policies that excludes liability arising from design error (Insurance Services Office, Inc. (ISO), Form CG 22 43). At a minimum, this exclusion needs to be clarified so that excluded professional services will not incorporate any activities included within construction means or methods (ISO CG 22 79).

Another endorsement, “Limited Exclusion — Contractor Professional Liability Endorsement,” gives back coverage for bodily injury or property damage from professional design services in connection with a project the contractor is also constructing (ISO CG 22 80). Even if the contractor is successful in amending the primary policy, this does not guarantee that the lead umbrella or excess limits will follow form.

Design Firms Professional Liability Policy: When a contractor leads a design-build project and hires an architect/engineer as a subcontractor, the contractor may rely on the professional liability policy of the design firm. However, it is important to know the limitations associated with the architect or engineer’s annual practice professional coverage.

  • Single Aggregate Limit — The policy limit applies to all current and past work and the limit includes defense cost. If you have a claim, you could be sharing the limit with many other firms.
  • Low Limits — A majority of design firms carry professional limits of $1 million or less.
  • Claims-Made Policy — If the design firm nonrenews their policy or moves the retroactive date forward after they finish your project, you will be left with no protection.
  • No Additional Insured Protection — Most professional liability underwriters for design firms will not name another firm as an additional insured.

Traditional Professional Cover

Alternative Solutions for Contractors Professional Coverage

Additional coverage is now available for contractor’s professional risk that traditionally may have been considered business risks that are not insurable. Full professional liability insurance for a contractor can be purchased as an add-on to a general or umbrella liability policy, covered under a stand-alone contractor’s professional policy, or handled under a separate project professional policy.

Endorsement to General or Umbrella Policy: True professional coverage can be added on an “occurrence” basis to an existing general liability policy. This option does offer the advantage of providing high limits at a relatively low cost. However, this coverage is normally more restrictive than a “stand-alone” policy and is not offered to contractors who have in-house design capabilities. In addition, there are only a few underwriters who provide this option, and none offer both primary and umbrella coverage.

Contractors Professional Liability Policy: This coverage is written on a “claims-made” basis and insures a contractor for damages arising out of negligence of the contractor or its subconsultant architect/engineer in performing professional services under the contract. The policy includes coverage for a wide array of professional circumstances including design errors from a contractor’s:

  • In-house design staff
  • Design delegation under provisions of AIA A-201 General Conditions Document
  • Subcontracting design under a design-build contract
  • Agency and at-risk construction management
  • Faulty workmanship of subcontractors when there is a construction management contract
  • Pollution Coverage — In addition, most insurers providing this coverage will add “Contractors Pollution” coverage to the policy that will cover pollution claims arising from job-site activities and failure to detect or quantify the presence of pollutants.
  • Indemnity Coverage — For an additional premium, there is one insurer that will provide coverage for first-party claims by a contractor against its architect/engineer. To recover under the policy, the contractor must demonstrate that the design professional is legally liable to the contractor for the loss. Although the policy is designed to be excess of the architect/engineer’s underlying insurance, coverage will drop down to a lower self-insured retention (SIR) in the event that the architect/engineer’s policy has been eroded by other claims. In addition, if this policy is broader than the underlying design firm policy, indemnity coverage will provide the contractor with difference-in-conditions coverage.

Project Specific Professional Coverage: For larger or more complex projects, the owner may elect to purchase a separate policy that will provide a single source of recovery for all professional liability losses related to their project (see IRMI.com, Project-Specific Professional Liability: Who Really Pays for Design Errors?). The policy replaces the annual professional liability coverage provided by individual design firms, construction manager, general contractor, and subcontractors. While this approach can provide significant, noncancelable limits that can be in place up to 10 years after the project is completed, the contractor should review the following policy terms and conditions carefully.

  • “Who is an insured” — The contractor and subconsultants should be named.
  • “Insured versus insured exclusion” — This should be deleted.
  • Policy deductible — A sharing agreement should be drafted.

Conclusion

Even with the most basic forms of project delivery, there is an increased chance of having fragmented design responsibility. Before a project is started, all participants should be satisfied that professional risks have been adequately assessed and insured by the responsible parties. The contractor needs to have assurance that professional coverage will be in place when a design error is discovered, especially after project completion, and that the limits are adequate. The addition of a contractors professional policy can provide broad protection for alleged errors or omissions in the delivery of design and construction management services.

Opinions expressed in Expert Commentary articles are those of the author and are not necessarily held by the author’s employer or IRMI. Expert Commentary articles and other IRMI Online content do not purport to provide legal, accounting, or other professional advice or opinion. If such advice is needed, consult with your attorney, accountant, or other qualified adviser.

Responsabilidad civil profesional: ¿Están los contratistas protegidos adecuadamente?

English | Translation Provided by the CFA

Amedida que se fusionan las líneas de responsabilidad entre las empresas de diseño y los contratistas, los contratistas asumen riesgos no tradicionales que sus coberturas de seguro principales pueden no abordar. La cobertura de responsabilidad civil profesional se ha vuelto tan esencial para un contratista como para un arquitecto o un ingeniero. Obtenga información en este artículo informativo sobre la exposición profesional del contratista, los daños potenciales, las soluciones alternativas y las opciones de seguro.

 Fred Muse

 Diseño y responsabilidad civil profesional

En la entrega tradicional de proyectos (diseño-licitación-construcción), un arquitecto o ingeniero ofrece servicios de diseño mientras que el contratista lleva a cabo la construcción real o la implementación del diseño. En este escenario, puede esperar que las responsabilidades civiles potenciales que enfrentan el profesional del diseño y el contratista estén bastante bien definidas. Sin embargo, a medida que aumenta la complejidad de los proyectos y se introducen nuevos contratos de construcción, las responsabilidades de diseño se están fragmentando cada vez más. Además, los propietarios de proyectos exigen que sus contratistas asuman actividades adicionales de gestión de la construcción y, con mayor frecuencia, buscan que el contratista proporcione un único punto de responsabilidad para el diseño y la construcción.

A medida que se fusionan las líneas de responsabilidad entre las empresas de diseño y los contratistas, los contratistas asumen riesgos no tradicionales que sus coberturas principales pueden no abordar. En este artículo, revisaremos las actividades que aumentan el riesgo profesional de un contratista y luego hablaremos sobre qué tan bien está respondiendo el seguro de responsabilidad civil. Es posible que descubra que la cobertura de responsabilidad civil profesional se volverá tan esencial para un contratista como lo es para un arquitecto o ingeniero.

Comprender la exposición al riesgo profesional del contratista

Los nuevos métodos de entrega de proyectos han creado desafíos y exposiciones que las partes que aceptan el riesgo deben entender, evaluar y asegurar adecuadamente. Uno de los desafíos más importantes que enfrentan los participantes del proyecto y sus administradores de riesgos es identificar y gestionar los riesgos cuando las responsabilidades civiles del diseño e ingeniería se comparten y fragmentan entre los diferentes participantes del proyecto.

Cuadro de responsabilidad civil profesional de los contratistas

Hoy en día, cuando se contrata a un arquitecto principal para diseñar todo el proyecto, otras partes que están fuera del control del arquitecto estarán involucradas en el diseño. Las responsabilidades del contratista a menudo van más allá de la construcción de modo que incluyen el riesgo profesional asociado con la gestión de la construcción, la delegación del diseño, la contratación de empresas de diseño y, llevar a cabo el diseño en sí. Estos se explican con más detalle a continuación.

Responsabilidades de la gestión de la construcción: Un contratista puede ofrecer servicios de administración de la construcción como agente del propietario (administración de la construcción de la agencia) o también puede celebrar contratos separados con los subcontratistas comerciales (administración de la construcción en riesgo). En las dos situaciones, el contratista asume la responsabilidad de supervisar los subcontratistas, el programa y la estimación de costos. Todas estas actividades crean un estándar reconocido de atención por parte del gerente de construcción y un riesgo de responsabilidad civil profesional correspondiente.

Delegación del diseño: Con base en las especificaciones del “desempeño”, los subcontratistas especializados han diseñado eficazmente sistemas de aspersores y muros cortina durante años. Además, los subcontratistas mecánicos y eléctricos del contratista a menudo diseñan la calefacción, ventilación y aire acondicionado (HVAC) y otros sistemas. Actualmente, la versión de 1997 del Documento de condiciones generales AIA A-201 describe específicamente cuándo se puede delegar el diseño al contratista con la exención correspondiente de responsabilidad civil por parte del equipo de arquitectos.

Contratación de empresas de diseño como subcontratistas o una empresa conjunta de arquitectura/ingeniería: Una cantidad cada vez mayor de proyectos utilizan la entrega de proyectos de diseño y construcción en los que el contratista actúa como el constructor/diseñador principal o se asocia como empresa conjunta con una empresa de diseño. Cuando un contratista asume una función de responsabilidad única ante un propietario al usar la entrega del proyecto de diseño y construcción, ahora él es el responsable del diseño del proyecto además de sus obligaciones de construcción. Además de la entrega del proyecto de diseño y construcción, el propietario del proyecto puede contratar consultores de diseño independientes para proporcionar el diseño interior, la arquitectura paisajista u otros servicios y luego asignar estos contratos al contratista.

Ejecución directa del diseño: Algunos contratistas tienen un personal de diseño interno formado por arquitectos, ingenieros, agrimensores y arquitectos paisajistas legalmente calificados que tienen la responsabilidad de revisar y autorizar los dibujos.

Daños potenciales del contratista resultantes del riesgo de responsabilidad civil profesional

Los errores y las omisiones asociados con la prestación de servicios profesionales pueden ocasionar demoras costosas, excesos en el presupuesto, reelaboración y lesiones corporales y/o daños a la propiedad de terceros. Conocer y anticipar este riesgo financiero puede marcar la diferencia entre un proyecto rentable y uno que termine en un litigio costoso durante años.

Pérdida económica: Existen riesgos financieros considerables que los contratistas asumen al prometer entregar un proyecto terminado, a tiempo y dentro del presupuesto. Los ejemplos de reclamaciones incluyen lo siguiente.

  • Delegación del diseño: el contratista subcontrata el diseño de un sistema de ventilación a un ingeniero mecánico. El ingeniero, que no tenía seguro contra errores y omisiones (E&O), calculó mal las necesidades de refrigeración del edificio y especificó un sistema de ventilación inadecuado. El dueño del edificio exigió $180,000 para reemplazar el sistema de desempeño deficiente.
  • Error en el diseño: el contratista calculó una estimación de costos de $2 millones para un proyecto de almacén. Más tarde se descubrió que un andén de carga no era adecuado para satisfacer las necesidades indicadas del almacén. Con las revisiones, el proyecto costó $2.5 millones de dólares. El contratista fue responsable por la diferencia de $500,000.

Lesiones corporales o daños a la propiedad de terceros: Los errores de diseño han contribuido a algunas de las pérdidas más catastróficas que resultaron en daños directos al proyecto y muertes tanto de trabajadores de la construcción como del público. Este tipo de reclamaciones se han presentado durante la construcción y después de que el proyecto se entregó al propietario. Los ejemplos de reclamaciones incluyen lo siguiente.

  • Delegación del diseño: en un reclamo de “síndrome del edificio enfermo”, un subcontratista diseñó e instaló incorrectamente un sistema HVAC. Se formó moho en los enfriadores y el aire del edificio enfermó a la gente. Varios demandantes presentaron una denuncia contra el contratista además del propietario que sufrió pérdidas por la interrupción del negocio.
  • Administración de la construcción: un contratista no detectó la mano de obra defectuosa de un contratista de albañilería que colocó un bloque de concreto hueco sin el refuerzo de barras de refuerzo adecuado como se especificaba en los planos. Una vez descubierta, la estructura se tuvo que derribar y volver a construir a un costo de aproximadamente $1 millón, además de los retrasos resultantes en la finalización del proyecto.

Antes de examinar la disponibilidad de las coberturas tradicionales para riesgos profesionales, es fundamental entender primero las diferencias fundamentales entre una póliza de responsabilidad civil general y una de responsabilidad civil profesional. Básicamente, las pólizas de responsabilidad civil general cubrirán pérdidas causadas por “medios y métodos de construcción ordinarios” siempre que resulten en lesiones corporales y/o daños a la propiedad que se deriven de un incidente. Las pólizas de responsabilidad civil profesional cubren los daños que se deriven de prestar o no prestar servicios profesionales.

Por ejemplo, conforme a la póliza de responsabilidad civil general, los retrasos en el proyecto y el costo de reforzar una estructura defectuosa no estarían cubiertos a menos que hubiera un siniestro correspondiente que resultara en lesiones corporales o daños a la propiedad. Sin embargo, este tipo de reclamo estaría cubierto por una póliza de responsabilidad civil profesional siempre que haya sido causado por negligencia profesional. Es importante tener en cuenta que la negligencia ocurre cuando los servicios no se llevan a cabo con el estándar de cuidado utilizado por cualquier otro profesional del diseño que enfrenta hechos y circunstancias iguales o similares.

Póliza de responsabilidad civil general del contratista: Una póliza de responsabilidad civil general sin una enmienda de exclusión profesional puede proporcionar una protección limitada por errores de diseño, siempre que la pérdida resulte en lesiones corporales o daños a la propiedad. Sin embargo, muchas aseguradoras adjuntarán un endoso a las pólizas de sus contratistas que excluye la responsabilidad civil derivada de un error de diseño (Insurance Services Office, Inc. (ISO), Formulario CG 22 43). Como mínimo, esta exclusión debe aclararse para que los servicios profesionales excluidos no incorporen ninguna actividad que se incluya dentro de los medios o métodos de construcción (ISO CG 22 79).

Otro endoso, “Exclusión limitada: endoso de responsabilidad civil profesional del contratista”, ofrece cobertura por lesiones corporales o daños a la propiedad debido a los servicios de diseño profesional en relación con un proyecto que el contratista también está construyendo (ISO CG 22 80). Incluso si el contratista tiene éxito en modificar la póliza principal, esto no garantiza que la responsabilidad extendida principal o los límites de exceso seguirán el formulario de seguimiento.

Póliza de responsabilidad civil profesional de empresas de diseño: Cuando un contratista dirige un proyecto de diseño y construcción y contrata a un arquitecto/ingeniero como subcontratista, el contratista puede depender de la póliza de responsabilidad civil profesional de la empresa de diseño. Sin embargo, es importante conocer las limitaciones asociadas con la cobertura profesional de la práctica anual del arquitecto o ingeniero.

  • Límite agregado único: el límite de la póliza se aplica a todo el trabajo actual y pasado y el límite incluye el costo de la defensa. Si tiene un reclamo, podría estar compartiendo el límite con muchas otras empresas.
  • Límites bajos: la mayoría de las empresas de diseño tienen límites profesionales de $1 millón o menos.
  • Política de reclamaciones presentadas: si la empresa de diseño no renueva su póliza o adelanta la fecha retroactiva después de terminar su proyecto, usted se quedará sin protección.
  • Sin protección de asegurado adicional: la mayoría de las aseguradoras de responsabilidad civil profesional de las empresas de diseño no nombrarán a otra empresa como asegurado adicional.

Cobertura profesional tradicional

Soluciones alternativas de cobertura profesional para contratistas

La cobertura adicional ahora está disponible para el riesgo profesional del contratista que tradicionalmente pudo haber sido considerado como riesgos comerciales que no son asegurables. El seguro de responsabilidad civil profesional completo para un contratista se puede comprar como un complemento a una póliza de responsabilidad civil general o extendida, cubierto por una póliza profesional de contratista independiente o manejado por una póliza profesional de proyecto separada.

Endoso a póliza general o extendida: La verdadera cobertura profesional se puede añadir con base en un “incidente” a una póliza de responsabilidad civil general existente. Esta opción ofrece la ventaja de proporcionar límites altos a un costo relativamente bajo. Sin embargo, esta cobertura normalmente es más restrictiva que una póliza “independiente” y no se ofrece a los contratistas que tienen capacidades de diseño internas. Además, solo unas pocas aseguradoras ofrecen esta opción y ninguna ofrece una cobertura primaria y extendida.

Póliza de responsabilidad civil profesional para contratistas: Esta cobertura está escrita según las “reclamaciones presentadas” y protege a un contratista por daños que se deriven de la negligencia del contratista o su arquitecto/ingeniero subconsultor en la prestación de servicios profesionales en virtud del contrato. La póliza incluye cobertura para una amplia variedad de circunstancias profesionales, incluidos los errores de diseño de un contratista:

  • Personal de diseño interno
  • Delegación de diseño conforme a lo establecido en el Documento de condiciones generales AIA A-201
  • Subcontratación de diseño conforme a un contrato de diseño y construcción
  • Agencia y administración de construcción en riesgo
  • Mano de obra defectuosa de subcontratistas cuando hay un contrato de gestión de la construcción
  • Cobertura por contaminación: además, la mayoría de las aseguradoras que ofrecen esta cobertura agregarán la cobertura de “Contaminación de los contratistas” a la póliza que cubrirá las reclamaciones por contaminación que se deriven de las actividades en el lugar de trabajo y la falta de detectar o cuantificar la presencia de contaminantes.
  • Cobertura por indemnización: por una prima adicional, hay una aseguradora que ofrecerá cobertura para reclamaciones de la primera parte presentadas por un contratista contra su arquitecto/ingeniero. Para recuperarse bajo la póliza, el contratista debe demostrar que el profesional del diseño es legalmente responsable ante el contratista por la pérdida. Aunque la póliza está diseñada para exceder el seguro subyacente del arquitecto/ingeniero, la cobertura se reducirá a una retención autoasegurada (SIR) más baja en caso de que la póliza del arquitecto/ingeniero se deteriore debido a otras reclamaciones. Además, si esta póliza es más amplia que la póliza subyacente de la empresa de diseño, la cobertura de indemnización proporcionará al contratista una cobertura de diferencia en condiciones.

Cobertura profesional específica del proyecto: Para proyectos más grandes o más complejos, el propietario puede optar por comprar una póliza por separado que proporcionará una única fuente de recuperación para todas las pérdidas por responsabilidad civil profesional relacionadas con su proyecto (consulte IRMI.com, Responsabilidad civil profesional específica al proyecto: ¿Quién paga realmente por los errores de diseño?). La póliza reemplaza la cobertura de responsabilidad civil profesional anual proporcionada por empresas de diseño individuales, el gerente de construcción, el contratista general y los subcontratistas. Aunque este enfoque puede proporcionar límites significativos no cancelables que pueden permanecer vigentes hasta 10 años después de que se termine el proyecto, el contratista debe revisar cuidadosamente los siguientes términos y condiciones de la póliza.

  • “Quién es un asegurado”: se debe nombrar al contratista y los subconsultores.
  • “Asegurado vs. exclusión de asegurado”: esto debe borrarse.
  • Deducible de la póliza: se debe redactar un convenio de reparto.

Conclusión

Incluso en las formas más básicas de entrega de proyectos, existe una mayor posibilidad de tener una responsabilidad del diseño fragmentada. Antes de iniciar un proyecto, todos los participantes deben estar satisfechos de que los riesgos profesionales han sido adecuadamente evaluados y asegurados por las partes responsables. El contratista debe tener la seguridad de que contará con cobertura profesional cuando se descubra un error de diseño, especialmente después de concluir el proyecto, y que los límites sean adecuados. La adición de una póliza profesional para contratistas puede ofrecer una amplia protección contra supuestos errores u omisiones en la prestación de servicios de administración de la construcción y entrega del diseño.

Las opiniones expresadas en los artículos de Comentarios de expertos pertenecen al autor y no necesariamente pertenecen al empleador del autor ni a la IRMI. Los artículos de Comentarios de expertos y otros contenidos de IRMI Online no pretenden ofrecer asesoría u opinión legal, contable o profesional. Si necesita dicha asesoría, consulte con su abogado, contador u otro asesor calificado.

Backfilling Basics: Backfilling the Wrong way Often Costs More than Doing it Right

Español | Translation Provided by the CFA

BY R. T. BUCK BARTLEY

As originally published in Concrete Construction, 1991

Editor’s Note:  One of the most recently technical inquiries to Association headquarters pertained to a basement foundation that had two walls fail when the builder was backfilling. The concrete contractor was under scrutiny and being considered liable for the failure, citing a potential code violation for reinforcement. However, upon assessment it was determined that no framing and no bracing was in place when the builder determined to complete the backfill on these early-age walls. As we worked to defend this concrete contractor, historical precedent as well as code sections were part of the support. In reviewing this piece from more than twenty years ago, it is amazing to see how common this problem has been and how relevant the advice remains.

Figure 1. Vertical or horizontal bracing can be used to protect walls from damage during backfilling. Vertical braces can be made from steel pipe (drawing a) or lumber (drawing b). Horizontal bracing (drawing c) works well for straight walls up to 48 feet long.

Backfilling—an essential step in basement construction—is all too often the beginning of basement destruction. Done improperly, backfilling causes problems that may start before the builder leaves the site and may remain long after he’s gone. But the problems can be avoided by taking a few simple precautions.

There are four key elements to proper backfilling:

  • Protecting the foundation wall from damage during backfilling
  • Using the right backfill materials
  • Compacting the backfill
  • Final finishing to the correct grade

Done correctly, these four steps help to ensure that a well-built basement functions the way it’s supposed to, providing the homeowner with dry, usable living space.

Protecting the wall during backfilling

The surest way to protect walls from damage during backfilling is to backfill only after the basement floor slab and the first-floor deck are in place. For the deck, sill plates should be bolted down and joists nailed to the sill plate. This provides the restraint needed to make the wall strong enough to resist earth pressures caused by backfilling.

Home builders seldom want to wait until the deck is in place, however. Early backfilling speeds the framing process by making the foundation more accessible for carpenters so they don’t have to ramp in.

An alternative is bracing the walls before the deck is built. We do this for all straight walls longer than 24 feet that don’t have offsets or pilasters. Corners, offsets, and pilasters add structural stiffness to the foundation wall. But we figure, as a rule of thumb, that the stiffening effect is negligible when further than 12 feet away from a corner. Hence, straight spans longer than 24 feet need bracing.

We use vertical bracing—steel braces fabricated from 3-inch-diameter schedule-40 pipe—which we quick-bolt to the wall and slab or pier pad, as shown in Figure 1a. We also modify some shoring jacks from a form manufacturer to do the same thing. Another option is bracing with lumber, using scaffold boards or 3x12s, as shown in Figure 1b.

If the slab and pier pads can’t be used for bracing, horizontal bracing as shown in Figure 1c is usually adequate. Attach 3x12s to all four walls, parallel to and about four feet above the footing. Then toenail 3x12s diagonally across the corners as shown. Add 2×4 cleats and kickers to prevent slippage and flex. This system works well for walls up to 48 feet long. Beyond that length additional intermediate vertical bracing is needed, attached to pier pads, footings, or wood stakes firmly driven into the ground.

Although most building codes require that foundation walls be adequately braced before backfilling, most home builders don’t use braces for poured concrete walls. They believe that the concrete is strong enough to resist pressure caused by backfilling. And they may get by without damaging the wall. But too often a wall gets pushed in (Figure 2). Sometimes this happens during the winter when concrete doesn’t gain strength quickly because of low temperatures. Sometimes it’s because the excavating contractor’s equipment gets too close to the wall. And sometimes rain saturates the area around the foundation soon after it’s backfilled, increasing soil pressures enough to cause a wall failure.

Whatever the cause, the home builder is left with a costly problem. Fixing it will require pushing out the bow in the wall and repairing the crack with epoxy injection. As insurance against a wall failure, having two carpenters work a couple of hours bracing the wall is a good investment.

Choosing the right backfill material

Some people recommend backfilling with a free-draining granular material. I’m not so sure that’s always a good idea. When you dig a hole in the ground for a foundation, water moves toward the hole just as it does in a well. A granular fill makes it easier for water to move toward the foundation wall. And if the drain tile system gets plugged, that could cause problems.

I think the object should be to restore equilibrium, as nearly as possible, to the soil moisture system. That usually means putting back in the same soil that came out. But not if it’s a poor soil. If heavy, moisture-laden, or expansive clays are removed during excavation, granular backfill with an exterior drainage system would be the best choice.

Also avoid backfilling with large clumps of clay or with soil full of roots, tree branches, or other organic materials (Figure 3). These materials won’t compact well and will hold a lot of water even if the ground slope is steep enough to carry surface water away from the house.

The amount of overdig for a foundation is about three feet. Splash blocks for downspouts don’t usually carry water more than a foot or two away from the foundation (Figure 4). So most of the water that comes off the roof may still end up next to the foundation if the backfill is porous.

Compacting the backfill


Figure 2. Backfilling pushed in this unbraced wall and cracked it. The diagonal crack was repaired by the home builder, but the wall still leaked when the owner moved in. Fixing the problem required excavation, pushing out the wall, and installing new waterproofing at a cost much greater than doing the job right the first time.

As backfill soil settles, drainage patterns change and water may flow toward the house or pond next to the foundation. Compaction is needed to reduce the amount of soil settlement that occurs with time.

Failure to compact the soil can cause basement leakage even before the house is completed. Figure 5 shows the results of poor grading and no backfill compaction. In this case, during rainy weather, water collected in the trough caused by settlement and started leaking through shrinkage cracks in the foundation wall. Correcting the faulty drainage stopped the leaking.

Be careful when compacting backfill. Some compactors are powerful enough to damage the wall. One way to avoid this problem is to place the backfill in 6-inch-thick lifts and have the laborers tamp it with foot pressure or hand rammers. Vibrating plate compactors also can be used for granular backfill without damaging the wall. It takes more time to compact thin layers, but the method provides insurance against wall damage and against callbacks related to drainage problems.

Final finishing to the correct grade


Figure 3. Backfilling with soil full of tree roots leaves a porous fill that can cause basement leakage. The fill can’t be properly compacted and will settle with time.

Diverting surface water away from the foundation is one of the most effective ways to prevent basement leakage. The minimum slope for finished grade should be 1/2 inch per foot for at least 10 feet away from the foundation. This is especially important if there are landscaping beds near the house. Watering plants in low-lying areas close to the foundation saturates the soil and makes basement leakage more likely.

If the house is set high enough on the lot, getting the correct grade for drainage isn’t difficult. Too often, however, houses are built too low. Then instead of the code-required eight-inch minimum between the sill plate and exterior grade level, the house might be built with the finished grade only four to six inches below the plate. To avert this problem, avoid making the excavation too deep and set footing elevations high enough.

Avoiding basement leakage is a lot like preventing a roof from leaking. You need to keep the water moving and prevent it from collecting in one spot. Correct backfilling methods help to accomplish this goal.

Figure 4. Splash blocks often don’t carry water from downspouts beyond the backfilled area. Then water from the roof saturates the backfill.

About the Author

Buck Bartley is a founding member and former president of the Concrete Foundations Association and retired as president of Bartley Corp, a concrete contractor in Silver Spring, MD. He remains, however, involved in the industry through the American Concrete Institute’s code committee for residential concrete construction (332) and consulting the current generational leaders of the company he founded with his brother.

Figure 5. Settlement can occur rapidly in poorly compacted backfills. Water collecting in the low spots may cause basement leakage even before the house is completed.

Association Resources

The content of this article is part of a much larger construction basics course available for members of the CFA through the online Classroom. More information can be found at www.cfaconcretepros.org or by calling Association headquarters at 319-895-6940.

The Bartley family (left to right) Jim Bartley – President, Bob Bartley – Vice President, Andy Bartley – Executive Vice President, Tom Bartley – Retired Co-Founder, Author, Robert “Buck” Bartley – Chairman of the Board and Co-Founder